Storage Tiers

Overview

Storage tiering exposes different hardware performance classes as distinct volume types, allowing users to select the appropriate tier for each workload. Xloud Block Storage supports NVMe, SSD, and HDD tiers within a single distributed storage cluster by mapping CRUSH device classes to dedicated pools and volume types. Configure one volume type per hardware tier and set a default to ensure users without a specific preference land on the most appropriate tier.

Administrator Access Required — This operation requires the admin role. Contact your Xloud administrator if you do not have sufficient permissions.

Prerequisites

Distributed storage cluster with at least one device class configured (e.g., nvme, ssd, hdd)
Pools created for each device class in the storage cluster
Storage backends registered in Block Storage (one per pool)
Volume types created for each tier via the Volume Types & QoS guide

Tier Performance Reference

Tier	Hardware	IOPS (4K Random)	Throughput	Recommended For
NVMe	PCIe NVMe SSDs	100,000 – 1,000,000	3 – 14 GB/s	Transactional databases, low-latency caches
SSD	SATA/SAS SSDs	10,000 – 100,000	500 MB/s – 2 GB/s	Web application data, VM boot disks
Standard (HDD)	7.2K/10K RPM	150 – 500	100 – 300 MB/s	Archival, bulk storage, infrequent access

Configure Tier Mappings

XDeploy
CLI

Open Storage Tiers in XDeploy

Log in to XDeploy and navigate to Configuration → Storage → Storage Tiers. XDeploy displays the detected hardware device classes from the storage cluster.

Configure tier mappings

For each detected hardware tier, specify:

Field	Description
Storage Pool Name	The pool in the distributed storage cluster (e.g., `volumes-nvme`)
Volume Type Name	The volume type to expose to users (e.g., `nvme`)
QoS Spec	Optional QoS policy to attach to this tier

Click Save Tier Configuration.

Set the default volume type

In the Default Volume Type field, select the tier to use when users create volumes without specifying a type.Xloud recommends setting ssd as the default for most deployments — you can explicitly request nvme or standard when needed.Click Apply.

Tier mappings saved and default type configured.

Authenticate

Source your credentials file to authenticate with the Xloud platform:

Load credentials

source admin-openrc.sh

Download the OpenRC file from Xloud Dashboard → Project → API Access → Download OpenStack RC File.

List backend pools and device classes

List backend pools with capabilities

openstack volume backend pool list --long

Review volume_backend_name, free_capacity_gb, and total_capacity_gb for each pool to understand available capacity per tier.

Create volume types for each tier

Create NVMe volume type

openstack volume type create \
  --description "NVMe SSD — high-performance, low-latency" \
  nvme
openstack volume type set --property volume_backend_name=nvme-backend nvme

Create SSD volume type

openstack volume type create \
  --description "SSD — balanced performance and cost" \
  ssd
openstack volume type set --property volume_backend_name=ssd-backend ssd

Create HDD volume type

openstack volume type create \
  --description "Standard HDD — archival and bulk storage" \
  standard
openstack volume type set --property volume_backend_name=hdd-backend standard

Set the default volume type

Set default volume type

openstack volume type set --default ssd

Verify tier configuration

List all volume types with properties

openstack volume type list --long

Confirm each type shows the correct volume_backend_name and that one type is marked as default.

All storage tiers configured and visible to users.

Single-Tier Deployments

If your cluster has only one hardware class (e.g., all SSD), configure a single volume type pointing to the existing pool. There is no need to create additional pools or types.

In a single-tier cluster, Xloud recommends still naming the type explicitly (e.g., ssd) rather than using a generic name — this makes future tier additions easier without requiring users to update their volume creation workflows.

Adding a New Tier to an Existing Deployment

When adding new hardware (e.g., NVMe drives to an existing SSD cluster):

Add hardware and create a new pool

Add the new OSDs to the distributed storage cluster with the appropriate device class. Create a dedicated pool using a CRUSH rule that targets only the new device class.

Configure a new backend in XDeploy

Add a new backend entry in XDeploy pointing to the new pool. Deploy the configuration to register the new backend with the volume service.

Create a new volume type

Create the new tier volume type

openstack volume type create \
  --description "NVMe PCIe — ultra-low latency" \
  nvme
openstack volume type set --property volume_backend_name=nvme-pool nvme

Verify availability

Test the new tier

openstack volume create --size 1 --type nvme test-nvme
openstack volume show test-nvme -c status
openstack volume delete test-nvme

New tier operational and accessible to users.

Automated Storage Tiering

Xloud-Developed — This capability is developed by Xloud and ships with XAVS / XPCI.

The Xloud Resource Optimizer can automatically move volumes between NVMe, SSD, and HDD pools based on observed IOPS activity — eliminating manual tier management for dynamic workloads.

Parameter	Description
Promotion threshold	Sustained high IOPS triggers migration to a faster tier (e.g., HDD to SSD, SSD to NVMe)
Demotion threshold	Sustained low IOPS combined with volume age triggers migration to a cheaper tier
Max retypes per cycle	Limits the number of volume migrations per optimization cycle to prevent thundering-herd effects on the storage cluster

All thresholds are configurable per deployment. The Resource Optimizer evaluates volumes periodically, generates a migration plan, and executes volume retypes through the Block Storage API without downtime to attached instances.

Start with conservative thresholds and monitor the Resource Optimizer audit logs before tightening promotion or demotion criteria. Aggressive thresholds can cause volumes to bounce between tiers repeatedly.

Next Steps

Volume Types & QoS

Configure QoS policies to enforce per-tier IOPS and throughput limits

Migration

Move volumes between tiers to rebalance capacity or meet new requirements

Storage Backends

Configure backend drivers for each storage tier

Volume Types (User)

User guide for selecting the right storage tier for a workload

Core Services

Other Services

Storage Tiers

Overview

Tier Performance Reference

Configure Tier Mappings

Open Storage Tiers in XDeploy

Configure tier mappings

Set the default volume type

Authenticate

List backend pools and device classes

Create volume types for each tier

Set the default volume type

Verify tier configuration

Single-Tier Deployments

Adding a New Tier to an Existing Deployment

Add hardware and create a new pool

Configure a new backend in XDeploy

Create a new volume type

Verify availability

Automated Storage Tiering

Next Steps

Volume Types & QoS

Migration

Storage Backends

Volume Types (User)

Core Services

Other Services

​Overview

​Tier Performance Reference

​Configure Tier Mappings

Open Storage Tiers in XDeploy

Configure tier mappings

Set the default volume type

Authenticate

List backend pools and device classes

Create volume types for each tier

Set the default volume type

Verify tier configuration

​Single-Tier Deployments

​Adding a New Tier to an Existing Deployment

Add hardware and create a new pool

Configure a new backend in XDeploy

Create a new volume type

Verify availability

​Automated Storage Tiering

​Next Steps

Volume Types & QoS

Migration

Storage Backends

Volume Types (User)

Overview

Tier Performance Reference

Configure Tier Mappings

Single-Tier Deployments

Adding a New Tier to an Existing Deployment

Automated Storage Tiering

Next Steps